Scan J Med Sci Sports 1998 8: 132–7Īshenden MJ, Gore CJ, Martin DT, et al. Short-term intermittent normobaric hypoxia - haematological, physiological and mental effects. Piehl-Aulin K, Svedenhag J, Wide L, et al. Acclimatization to altitude and normoxic training improve 400-m running performance at sea level. Effect of living high and training low on sea level performance in cyclists. Effect of living in hypoxia and training in normoxia on sea level V̇O 2max and red cell mass. Rusko HK, Tikkanen H, Paavolainen L, et al. Living high, training low: a new approach to altitude training at sea level in athletes. Acclimatization to living in normobaric hypoxia and training at sea level in runners. Laitinen H, Alopaeus K, Heikkinen R, et al. ‘Living high - training low’: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance. Living high - training low: the effect of altitude acclimatization/normoxic training in trained runners. Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J, Duhaime G, et al. ‘Living high and training low’ can improve sea level performance in endurance athletes. A practical approach to altitude training: where to live and train for optimal performance enhancement.
Data regarding the effect of IHE on haematological indices and athletic performance are minimal and inconclusive. Athletes typically use IHE while at rest, or in conjunction with a training session. IHE is based on the assumption that brief exposures to hypoxia (1.5 to 2.0 hours) are sufficient to stimulate the release of EPO, and ultimately bring about an increase in RBC concentration. Currently, no studies have been published on the efficacy of these devices on RBC production, maximal oxygen uptake and/or performance in elite athletes. These devices simulate altitudes up to approximately 4575m/15006ft and 4270m/14005ft, respectively. Hypoxic sleeping devices include the Colorado Altitude Training (CAT) Hatch™ (hypobaric chamber) and Hypoxico Tent System™ (normobaric hypoxic system), both of which are designed to allow athletes to sleep high and train low. Limited data regarding the efficacy of hyperoxic training suggests that highintensity workouts at moderate altitude (1860m/6100ft) and endurance performance at sea level may be enhanced when supplemental oxygen training is utilised at altitude over a duration of several weeks. This method is a modification of the ‘high-low’ strategy, since athletes live in a natural terrestrial altitude environment but train at ‘sea level’ with the aid of supplemental oxygen. Supplemental oxygen is used to simulate either normoxic (sea level) or hyperoxic conditions during high-intensity workouts at altitude.
These discrepancies may be caused by differences in methodology, the hypoxic stimulus that athletes were exposed to and/or the training status of the athletes. However, other studies failed to demonstrate significant changes in haematological indices as a result of using a hypoxic apartment. Several studies suggest that using a hypoxic apartment in this manner produces beneficial changes in serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels, reticulocyte count and red blood cell (RBC) mass, which in turn may lead to improvements in postaltitude endurance performance. Athletes who use a hypoxic apartment typically ‘live and sleep high’ in the hypoxic apartment for 8 to 18 hours a day, but complete their training at sea level, or approximate sea level conditions. Recently, endurance athletes have used several novel approaches and modalities for altitude training including: (i) normobaric hypoxia via nitrogen dilution (hypoxic apartment) (ii) supplemental oxygen (iii) hypoxic sleeping devices and (iv) intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE).Ī normobaric hypoxic apartment simulates an altitude environment equivalent to approximately 2000 to 3000m (6560 to 9840ft).
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